It shows how the UEA team has engineered antibody fragments – which not only ‘fuse’ with their target but are also light activated. It means that in the future, immunotherapy treatments could be engineered to attack tumors more precisely than ever before.
Current cancer treatments like chemotherapy kill cancer cells, but they can also damage healthy cells in your body such as blood and skin cells. This means that they can cause side effects including hair loss, feeling tired and sick, and they also put patients at an increased risk of picking up infections.
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There has therefore been a very big drive to create new treatments that are more targeted and don’t have these unwanted side effects. Several antibodies and antibody fragments have already been developed to treat cancer.
These antibodies are much more selective than the cytotoxic drugs used in chemotherapy, but they can still cause severe side effects, as antibody targets are also present in healthy cells.
Now, the UEA team has engineered one of the first antibody fragments that bind to and form a covalent bond with, its target – upon irradiation with UV light of a specific wavelength. A covalent bond is a bit like melting two pieces of plastic and fusing them. It means that drug molecules could, for example, be permanently fixed to a tumor.
Step Closer to Creating New Generation of Light-Activated Cancer Treatments
Researchers hope that this work will lead to the development of a new class of highly targeted light-responsive biotherapeutics. This would mean activating antibodies to attack tumor cells by shining light – either directly onto the skin, in the case of skin cancer, or using small LED lights that could be implanted at the site of a tumor inside the body.
This would allow cancer treatment to be more efficient and targeted because it means that only molecules in the vicinity of the tumor would be activated, and it wouldn’t affect other cells.
This would also potentially reduce side effects for patients, and also improve antibody residence time in the body. It would work for cancers like skin cancer, or where there is a solid tumor – but not for blood cancers like leukemia.
Development of these antibody fragments would not have been possible without pioneering work from several other research groups across the globe that developed and optimized methods for site-specific incorporation of non-natural amino acids into proteins expressed in live cells.
If the researchers are successful in the next stages of their work, they hope to see the next generation of light-activated immunotherapies being used to treat cancer patients within 5 to 10 years.
Source: Eurekalert
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